Antarctic Diving

Not all of our samples are from Antarctic soils. Sometimes, we need to venture into places a bit less accessible, such as the bottom of the ocean.

Henry Kaiser is a Grammy award winning musician and has recorded dozens of albums. He has spent the last several years working in the Antarctic as a research diver, and was kind enough to make a brief movie of our 2012 season dives. Rest assured, it is worth watching.

THANKS HENRY!

by Ben Segee

What lies beneath the ice...

Antarctica, as you may or may not know, is actually more than just a large floating block of ice. Beneath all the glaciers, snow and ice is a continent of rock. Because the continent is covered in a massive amount of ice, we have had very limited knowledge as to what the continent underneath looks like.

Now, thanks to the hard work of the scientists at the British Antarctic Survey, all that is changing.

To see their full article CLICK HERE

Using a number of techniques including radio echo sounding, satellite readings, and seismic techniques, the British Antarctic Survey has been hard at work making Bedmap2, the most detailed map ever created of the Antarctic continent.

Antarctica without ice
(Courtesy of the British Antarctic Survey).

Already the survey has revealed some interesting results. For instance, the survey has revealed that the amount ice on the continent is actually 4.6% greater than what was originally estimated. The team has also found an area underneath Byrd Glacier that is 2,870 meters (9416 ft) below sea level, making it the world record holder for lowest point on a continental plate. 

In the teams press release, the studies co-lead author Dr. Hamish Pritchard says,

"The Bedmap2 project is about more than making a map of the landscape. The data we've put together on the height and thickness of the ice and the shape of the landscape below are fundamental to modelling the behaviour of the ice sheet in the future. This matters because in some places, ice along the edges of Antarctica is being lost rapidly to the sea, driving up sea level. Knowing how much the sea will rise is of global importance, and these maps are a step towards that goal."

For more information about the Bedmap2 projects, and some really cool videos of Antarctica without ice, CLICK HERE


By Ben Segee

Penguin Preperation for OutReach 2013

Starting the summer off by getting ready for OutReach 2013,  by preparing some Antarctic animal life samples. OutReach is a program providing outreach opportunities ranging from high school internships to work-study positions and to teacher workshops. More information about the Outreach program and Current OutReach programs can be found here. Enjoy The pictures

Picture 1. Penguin head close up

Picture 2. Penguin Eggs

Picture 3. Penguin Feathers

Picture 4. Penguin Feet and Flippers (yes they`re called flippers)

Picture 5. Penguin Heads

Picture 5. Skua Sample

The Dry Valleys

The Dry Valleys

This is one of the parts of our trip that I enjoy the most. That is our trip to the Dry
Valleys. We typically camp at a location that has a group of structures called Lake
Fryxell Camp. I prefer to use the Scott tents like we did at Mount Erebus and on
Fang glacier, but others prefer mountain tents. Either way we set up behind the
camp away from the lake front.

Much of the work I do here is soil collection and for that we hike across the desert
landscape for many miles. It is pretty bleak with no plants to be seen – just miles of
glacial moraines. The walking is tough too since the moraines are loose sand and
gravel sprinkled with larger rocks.

But there is life there! Just beneath the surface there is a community of microbes
that live off of very little. These are the oligotrophic communities we seek. The
fungi that we find here have adaptations so they can scavenge enough energy
to survive.

Here I collected many kilograms of soil for shipment back to Maine. Stay tuned to
see what we will find in the samples after they get back.

Antarctic Yeast Genome

Our first Antarctic yeast genome is here!

Earlier this year we made a collaboration with the Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute (JGI) to determine the genome and transcriptome of two Antarctic yeasts, Cryptococcus vishniacii and Diozegia cryoxerica.  The first one has been completed and so now begins the hard and long task of gene annotation and digging through the data to find out how these organisms can survive in such cold and dry habitats.

Pictures of the Wright Valley. That is the normal habitat of Cryptococcus vishniacii as these yeasts are typically found in some of the driest areas.

Sponge Collection

Sponge collection

One of the aspects of our project is to determine what the “background” organisms are so we can assess how different the microbial communities are on our traps.  Laurie has been looking at the fungal communities associated with marine sponges- part of the group of animals we find near our trap at the Cape Evan’s wall.

Here is a picture of Hubert with one of the Volcano sponges near McMurdo Station.  This is the kind of sponge that I was looking for on this collection day. 

Photo of Hubert and sponge taken by Steve Rupp.

 

We have seen Hubert diving in McMurdo Sound before but it is worth posting again (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dr7TJSSh8Ec).    In the video you can see lots of sponges, this is before they begin their journey up onto the surface of the ice.

We collected both live and now also some sponges that have been long dead- in fact dead hundreds of years.  They were brought to the bottom of the Ross Ice Shelf as part of anchor ice and slowly ablated through the ice to emerge on the surface.  Today we flew out to an area that these sponges can be found called “the Dirty Ice” It is near Bratina Island, a small island at the tip of the Brown Peninsula.  The reason it’s called the dirty is because, well….., it’s covered with dirt.

Taken by Laurie Connell  (77  58.96’ S  165  36.654 E)  Sponges on dirty ice in Antarctica.

Taken by Laurie Connell  (77  58.96’ S  165  36.654 E)  Sponges on dirty ice in Antarctica.

 

After we get home we will culture fungi from these sponges to determine what species can be found.  We will also determine genetically which species are there.   Stay tuned for results in a few months!